In certain cases, a v after a u is geminated by most people: ruuvi 'screw' /ruːʋːi/, vauva 'baby'. In addition, in some Finnish compound words, if the initial word ends in an e, the initial consonant of the following word is geminated: jätesäkki 'trash bag', tervetuloa 'welcome'. Another important phenomenon is sandhi, which produces long consonants at word boundaries when there is an archiphonemic glottal stop |otaʔ se| > otas se 'take it!' Finnish consonant length is also affected by consonant gradation. In Finnish, both are phonemic taka /taka/ 'back', takka /takːa/ 'fireplace' and taakka /taːkːa/ 'burden' are different, unrelated words. In other languages, such as Finnish, consonant length and vowel length are independent of each other. In Classical Arabic, a long vowel was lengthened even more before permanently-geminate consonants. A short vowel within a stressed syllable almost always precedes a long consonant or a consonant cluster, and a long vowel must be followed by a short consonant. In some languages, like Italian, Swedish, Faroese, Icelandic, and Luganda, consonant length and vowel length depend on each other. Gemination of consonants is distinctive in some languages and then is subject to various phonological constraints that depend on the language. In terms of consonant duration, Berber and Finnish are reported to have a 3-to-1 ratio, compared with around 2-to-1 (or lower) in Japanese, Italian, and Turkish. In lengthened stops, the obstruction of the airway is prolonged, which delays release, and the "hold" is lengthened. Lengthened fricatives, nasals, laterals, approximants and trills are simply prolonged. A clear example are the Norwegian words tak ('ceiling or roof' of a building), and takk ('thanks').
For example, in Norwegian and Swedish, a geminated consonant is always preceded by a short vowel, while an ungeminated consonant is preceded by a long vowel. Other languages, such as English, do not have word-internal phonemic consonant geminates.Ĭonsonant gemination and vowel length are independent in languages like Arabic, Japanese, Finnish and Estonian however, in languages like Italian, Norwegian and Swedish, vowel length and consonant length are interdependent. Ĭonsonant length is a distinctive feature in certain languages, such as Arabic, Berber, Danish, Estonian, Hindi, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Punjabi, Polish and Turkish. Some phonological theories use 'doubling' as a synonym for gemination, while others describe two distinct phenomena. Gemination is represented in many writing systems by a doubled letter and is often perceived as a doubling of the consonant. In phonetics and phonology, gemination ( / ˌ dʒ ɛ m ɪ ˈ n eɪ ʃ ən/), or consonant lengthening (from Latin geminatio 'doubling', itself from gemini 'twins' ), is an articulation of a consonant for a longer period of time than that of a singleton consonant. Not to be confused with Germination or Geminal.
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